1、 repartition and coalesceSpark provides the `repartition()` function, which shuffles the dataacross the network to create a new set of partitions. Keep in mindthat repartitioning your data is a fairly expensive operation. Sparkalso has an optimized version of `repartition()` called `coalesce()`that allows avoiding data movement, but only if you are decreasingthe number of RDD partitions. To know whether you can safely calloalesce(), you can check the size of the RDD using `rdd.partitions.size()`in Java/Scala and `rdd.getNumPartitions()` in Python and make surethat you are coalescing it to fewer partitions than it currently has.总结：当要对 rdd 进行重新分片时，如果目标片区数量小于当前片区数量，那么用coalesce，不要用repartition。关于partition的更多优化细节，参考chapter 4 of Learning Spark
2、Passing Functions to SparkIn Python, we have three options for passing functions into Spark.lambda expressions word = rdd.filter(lambda s: "error" in s)top-level functions import my_personal_lib word = rdd.filter(my_personal_lib.containsError)locally defined functions def containsError(s): return "error" in s word = rdd.filter(containsError)One issue to watch out for when passing functions is inadvertently serializing the object containing the function. When you pass a function that is the member of an object, or contains references to fields in an object (e.g., self.field), Spark sends the entire object to worker nodes, which can be much larger than the bit of information you need. Sometimes this can also cause your program to fail, if your class contains objects that Python can’t figure out how to pickle.### wrong wayclass SearchFunctions(object):def __init__(self, query):self.query = querydef isMatch(self, s):return self.query in sdef getMatchesFunctionReference(self, rdd):# Problem: references all of "self" in "self.isMatch"return rdd.filter(self.isMatch)def getMatchesMemberReference(self, rdd):# Problem: references all of "self" in "self.query"return rdd.filter(lambda x: self.query in x)### the right wayclass WordFunctions(object):...def getMatchesNoReference(self, rdd):# Safe: extract only the field we need into a local variablequery = self.queryreturn rdd.filter(lambda x: query in x)